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For Centuries, Poland Has Been a Home to the Jews Print Mail
http://www.aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.27783/pub_detail.asp
By Joshua Muravchik
Posted: Wednesday, April 9, 2008
ARTICLES
Dziennik Zachodni (Katowice, Poland)
Publication Date: March 22, 2008
Joshua Muravchik
It is doubtful there is any relationship in the world between two peoples more fraught than that between Poles and Jews. Even to say the phrase, "Poles and Jews," raises difficult questions. After all, the "Jews" we are talking about are not the Jews of Argentina or the United States. They are the Jews who live or once lived in Poland. Are these people not also Poles?
The answer is not as easy as it seems at first glance, because Jewishness has a dual quality. On the one hand it is a religion. On the other, it is a nationality. Judaism has two founders and two starting points: Abraham and Moses, Ur and Mount Sinai. Abraham was the first of the Jewish people. He entered a special covenant with God, who promised to sanctify his offspring.
And Abraham promised God unquestioning obedience. But Abraham did not know the Commandments and had no Torah. It was Moses who was the vehicle for the Bible and the Jewish religion.
I have discovered a large number of Poles, especially younger ones, who, in their devotion to building a new democratic Poland, are sensitive to the painful story of the Jews on Polish soil, are among Europe's firmest supporters of Israel, and who are vigilant against anti-Semitism just as against fascism, Communism, and other ideologies of hatred.
After the Romans destroyed the Temple, Jews were dispersed across the globe, taking refuge where they could find it. In a few times and places, they were allowed to enter the surrounding societies. When this choice was available, some Jews chose to absorb the identity of the place where they were living, while others chose to remain apart, feeling themselves to be exiles, praying for the return to Jerusalem. And still others tried to navigate between these two positions, seeking acceptance within the larger society while remaining faithful to the religion of their ancestors. But in most places at most times, Jews did not have this choice. Their presence was tolerated only as alien people, whose rights and whose comings-and-goings were restricted.
Poland became the home to perhaps the largest Jewish population in the history of the Diaspora, amounting to more than ten percent of the population of Poland. This fact in itself would have made the Jewish presence a complicated issue. Complicating it further was the fact that Poland was itself not sovereign during much of the era of highest Jewish population. Just as the Jews have suffered unique tragedies, so has Poland, having been repeatedly conquered and partitioned. So the dense Jewish presence among the Poles was not by the choice of either people.
The Poles are a deeply religious people, perhaps the most Catholic of Catholic nations, and this, too, added complications. Until Vatican II, church teaching charged the Jews for the crime of crimes--killing Christ.
Armed with this teaching, Poles were bound to look upon Jews with hostility.
Jews suffered much hatred and abuse from Poles, and they came to feel that Poles in general were prejudiced against them. (As the Polish-born Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir once expressed it: "Poles drink in anti-Semitism with their mothers' milk.")
However much truth or exaggeration went into this, the Jews felt so much victimized by Poles that they were often oblivious to how much the Poles themselves were victims--of Germans and Russians. And then came still another complication that made some Poles feel that they were victims of the Jews. This was the rise of Communism, a monstrous new religion which, together with its offshoots, made the twentieth century the bloodiest in history. Only a small percentage of Jews--those who had lost touch with their own faith and were searching for a new one--became Communists. But a large percentage of Communists were Jews. To some Poles--and others in East-central Europe--it appeared that Communism was some kind of Jewish plot.
The culmination of this story came with the rise of Nazism, one of the offshoots of Communism. The Nazis systematically annihilated the Jews of Europe, including Poland, in the greatest, most savage slaughter the world has ever seen. So immense was this crime that it largely overshadowed the horrible crime perpetrated against the Poles, including once again the partition of their country and the death of millions. The Polish tragedy was compounded by a terrible denouement in which Poland, having foot to free itself from one heartless conqueror, ended up under the boot of another, the Soviet Communists.
What of the story of Poles and Jews through these years of unparalleled grief for both? Sad to say, many Poles were indifferent to the fate of the Jews; some were glad to be rid of them; and some participated in the slaughter. But others risked their lives (and some lost theirs) trying to save their Jewish neighbors. At Yad Vashem, Israel's holocaust museum, there is a section honoring "righteous gentiles" who saved Jews from Hitler. There are more Poles memorialized there than any other nationality.
Prominent among them was my own teacher, Jan Karski. Karski, whose real name was Kozielewski, was the first to bring authoritative evidence of the holocaust to Western leaders. To do this he risked his life repeated, twice sneaking inside the Warsaw Ghetto and once inside a death camp, in order to make himself an eye-witness. After the epic documentary, Shoah, appeared Karski became a great hero to Jews. Less well remembered was that he was above all a Polish patriot, a devout Catholic, whose message about the murder of the Jews was only part of a larger mission on behalf of the Polish underground.
After the war, there were still new crimes committed against some of the surviving Jews by Poles. But sorting out this unbearably painful history is made more difficult by the role of Communists who were busily subjugating Poland to Soviet rule and who played countless underhanded games that have not all yet been uncovered.
I--an American Jewish writer, activist, anti-Communist--became involved with Poland in the 1980s when, in the wake of martial law, I edited a collection of translation of Solidarnosc documents into English. I collaborated with Solidarnosc's representatives in New York, who happened to be two Polish Jews--or better, Jewish Poles.
Since the triumph of Solidarnosc and the restoration of Polish freedom, I have seen two things in respect to the story of Poles and Jews. On the one hand, I have seen traces of the historic anti-Semitism, even in the words of some prominent Poles. On the other hand, I have discovered a large number of Poles, especially younger ones, who, in their devotion to building a new democratic Poland, are sensitive to the painful story of the Jews on Polish soil, are among Europe's firmest supporters of Israel, and who are vigilant against anti-Semitism just as against fascism, Communism, and other ideologies of hatred. The future of Poland, I am confident, belongs to them.
http://www.aei.org/scholars/filter.all,scholarID.42/scholar.asp
Muravchik studies the United Nations, neoconservatism, the history of socialism and communism, the Arab-Israeli conflict, and global democracy, terrorism, and the Bush Doctrine. His most recent book is The Future of the United Nations: Understanding the Past to Chart a Way Forward (AEI Press, 2005).
Professional Experience
-Member, State Department's Advisory Committee on Democracy Promotion, 2007-present -Adjunct professor, Institute of World Politics, 1992-present -Member, Maryland State Advisory Committee of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1985-1997 -Member, Commission on Broadcasting to the People's Republic of China, 1992 -Adjunct scholar, Washington Institute on Near East Policy, 1986-present -Executive director, Coalition for a Democratic Majority, 1977-1979 -Editorial board member, World Affairs and Journal of Democracy
Education
Ph.D., international relations, Georgetown University B.A., City College of New York Informacja z Polskiego google
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